Rabu, 10 Oktober 2012

Jewels Chocolate

 

Our Chocolates

At Jewels artisan chocolate, every piece of chocolate is treated and handcrafted with passion, from the freshest, most exquisite ingredients. We take great pride in crafting these works of art right in front of your eyes for the first time in Singapore.


Our chocolates are our gems and we treat them like gems. From their names to their designs, ours are unique treats, for the eyes and the palate. Our preparation room is kept at a constant 18˚C - 20˚C to maintain our chocolates' exquisiteness. We present a choice of timeless classic to milk chocolates and exotic Asian flavoured chocolates to give your tastebuds an extraordinary adventure.

What's special about Jewels artisan chocolate is that for the first time here, the uniqueness in flavour, texture and ingredients of Asian flavours and chocolates have been melded to perfection. Every bite into these masterpieces brings you on a journey of discovery.

Belieber

Belieber


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"Belieber" is a portmanteau of Justin Bieber and "believer" and is used to denote members of the Canadian pop singer's fandom.
Beliebers refer to fanatical devotees of the Canadian pop singer Justin Bieber.[note 1] Use of the term predates 2010, and the existence of the community is a result of the Internet, dating back to Bieber's early YouTube videos. Beliebers are mostly pre-teen and teen girls who have a clear sense of community, but the fandom also includes widely sought after "Boy Beliebers", who are generally loved by their female counterparts due to their rarity. Many beliebers strictly defend and support Bieber and may resort to extreme methods to protect him against anything they deem as a threat, such as issuing death threats to women connected to Bieber, and defacing Wikipedia after he failed to win a Grammy.

Etymology

Bieber fans are called Beliebers. Belieber was one of the best new words of 2010. The Canberra Times defined the word as: "belieber (n) blend of Bieber-believer, a fan of pop star Justin Bieber". Another definition for belieber offered by New York Times "On Language" columnist Ben Zimmer is "belieber: a fanatical devotee of the pop singer Justin Bieber" Usage of the word predates its inclusion in dictionaries.[5]
Love of Bieber by Beliebers has been named "Bieber Fever." Bieber Fever is described as an addiction to Justin Bieber that may start out as a crush on him before escalating over the course to a point where other views the addiction as harmful.

Demographics

Beliebers have a clear concept of themselves as a community, which Bieber acknowledged on Twitter by using the word,and by claiming one day he could fall in love with one of his fans. "I love all my fans," he declared, "but I've never been in love with one."
woman in shirt saying "I love Canada Ontario London, Hospital St. Judes, 2nd floor, Room 126, 1st March 1994 12:45am tuesday."
A woman in a Belieber shirt commemorating Justin Bieber's birthday and place of birth
The early Bieber fanbase developed on YouTube, and predated the release of Bieber's first album. Fans viewed his videos more than 2 billion times on YouTube, with Bieber becoming the first person to reach that number on the site.He established a personal relationship with them, through Twitter, and answering questions from fans on a radio show.
The fandom has developed several components which co-exist uneasily. One aspect of the fandom can be self-mocking, and is willing to pay a lot money to be part of it. The other part does not like the association with problematic fans and is less willing to buy into the more overtly commercial parts of the fan community, such as purchasing concert tickets.The community sometimes has issues and rival factions inside fandom have been known to attack one another. In one case, a Twitter account shared "alleged direct messages from Justin scolding the authors of [a] blog for writing lies about him." Despite these issues, being a fan of Belieber provides fans with access to a community that may help them through tough times,and is over 20 million strong.
Most of Bieber's fanbase is composed of young girls in their pre-teens or teens, however there are still many young men out there who support him His fans have been described as patient and doting by the Toronto Star. Bieber fandom offers its female fans "a way not only to subliminate romantic and sexual yearnings but to carve out subversive versions of heterosexuality."Inside the fandom, Bieber is almost always viewed by fans as 100% heterosexual.Some of his fans have expressed an interest in having sex with him, and there are documented cases of fans asking the media to pass along messages to Bieber suggesting this.There was a situation in the fandom where a fan tried gain access to Bieber for this reason by claiming she was Bieber's personal stripper.Fans will also express their love of Bieber by sending him messages on social networking sites like Twitter.Fans may have shrines dedicated to Bieber in their bedroom. X-Factor contestant Drew Ryniewicz was described as being a "true" Belieber for having such a shrine.Belieber's mostly had a positive response when Bieber got a short haircut.
Bieber's popularity is a result of the Internet, with a large segment of the fan community actively continuing to use it to communicate with their fellow fans.Bieber fans utilise online social networks as a way of not just connecting with Bieber and Bieber related information but as a way to interact with other like minded fans. One of the most coveted things for Beliebers online is a return follow from @justinbieber on Twitter.This has been described as the fandom's holy grail.When Bieber announced he was taking a break from Twitter, his fans tweeted supportive messages to him.Twitter changed their algorithm to remove persistently trending topics from the list, including Bieber. His Twitter followers responded by trying to circumvent the changes through the use of misspellings of his name.
The hysteria of Bieber fans has been compared to Beatlemania and has been so extreme that it has resulted in the cancellation of scheduled appearances by Bieber.Some 3,000 fans showed up at a shopping mall to watch him sing early in his career. At an appearance in Australia, ten teenage fans fainted, and eight girls had to be hospitalised.Beliebers have chased Bieber through an airport, and one sat on the hood of his car,an action repeated when Bieber has made other appearances.Thousands of fans showed up in Oslo, Norway, when Bieber visited the city during his Believe tour.The fans became rowdy and Bieber had to get on Twitter to ask them to calm down. In New Zealand, fans stole his hat, and pushed his mother to the ground in their zeal to get a glimpse of him.At a concert, a fan hit him with a water bottle while he was performing. One paid $624 for a bottle of water that Bieber drank from.
Beliebers try to get Bieber's attention,and often defend him.I Don't Know How She Does It has a character portrayed by Olivia Munn saying that Bieber's birth to a teenage mother was a "billion-dollar mistake." Fans attacked Munn for this line. After Esperanza Spalding won a Grammy over Bieber, Beliebers attacked her, and in at least one case, wished for her death. Most of the anti-Spalding activity took place on Twitter and Facebook. Bieber fans vandalised Spalding's page on Wikipedia, inserting statements like "She now has the 2011 Grammy for being the Best New Artist! Even though no one has ever heard of her! Yay!" and "JUSTIN BIEBER DESERVED IT GO DIE IN A HOLE. WHO THE HECK ARE YOU ANYWAY?" into the article about Spalding. They even went so far as to threaten the Grammy judges, with one fan saying "the Grammy judges better watch their backs! A bunch of tween girls are out to get you now!" His fans have also sent death threats to Kim Kardashian.

Media and academic coverage

Never Say Never, released in 2011, focused heavily on Bieber's fan base.
Cathleen Falsani is a self-acknowledged expert about Bieber, and has written a book about Bieber's Christian faith titled Belieber! Fame, Faith, and the Heart of Justin Bieber.
Most of the academic research being done about Bieber fans focuses on white people, with little research being done about Bieber's non-white fans.

Mobilization

Bieber's management team makes an effort to mobilize and coordinate Bieber's fans into taking actions related to Bieber.
A contest was run on Twitter which included several celebrities that enabled fans to gain access to behind the scenes footage and purchase tickets to the Bieber movie before others.
Pre-teen Bieber fans sometimes coordinate on social media services to gather at a mall and "buy their entire stock of Bieber paraphernalia to donate to charity." One such buyout was organised by a 13 year old and 14 year old in Indiana.

Anti-Beliebers

An anti-Bieber prankster submitted copyright violation notices to YouTube, claiming Bieber's official videos were copyright violations. YouTube's policy is to remove material that is reported and then investigate the claims, which resulted in the temporary removal of all of Bieber's official videos from the site.Bieber's Jewish manager Scooter Braun was threatened with death if Bieber performed in Israel.

Rabu, 03 Oktober 2012

Camera SLR

Kamera SLR


Kamera refleks lensa tunggal‎ (bahasa Inggris: Single-lens reflex (SLR) camera) adalah kamera yang menggunakan sistem jajaran lensa jalur tunggal untuk melewatkan berkas cahaya menuju ke dua tempat, yaitu Focal Plane dan Viewfinder, sehingga memungkinkan fotografer untuk dapat melihat objek melalui kamera yang sama persis seperti hasil fotonya. Hal ini berbeda dengan kamera non-SLR, dimana pandangan yang terlihat di viewfinder bisa jadi berbeda dengan apa yang ditangkap di film, karena kamera jenis ini menggunakan jajaran lensa ganda, 1 untuk melewatkan berkas cahaya ke Viewfinder, dan jajaran lensa yang lain untuk melewatkan berkas cahaya ke Focal Plane.
Kamera SLR menggunakan pentaprisma yang ditempatkan di atas jalur optikal melalui lensa ke lempengan film. Cahaya yang masuk kemudian dipantulkan ke atas oleh kaca cermin pantul dan mengenai pentaprisma. Pentaprisma kemudian memantulkan cahaya beberapa kali hingga mengenai jendela bidik. Saat tombol dilepaskan, kaca membuka jalan bagi cahaya sehingga cahaya dapat langsung mengenai film. (NESW4586)

Daftar isi

Komponen Kamera SLR

Pembidik

Salah satu bagian yang penting pada kamera adalah pembidik (viewfinder). Ada dua sistem bidikan, yaitu:
  • jendela bidik yang terpisah dari lensa (Viewfinder type)
  • bidikan lewat lensa (Reflex type).
Kamera SLR, sesuai dengan namanya (Single Lens Reflex), menggunakan sistem bidikan jenis kedua. Mata fotografer melihat subjek melalui lensa, sehingga tidak terjadi parallax, yaitu keadaan dimana fotografer tidak melihat secara akurat indikasi keberadaan subjek melalui lensa sehingga ada bagian yang hilang ketika foto dicetak. Keadaan parallax ini pada dasarnya terjadi pada pemotretan sangat close up dengan menggunakan kamera viewfinder.

Jendela Bidik

Jendela bidik merupakan sebuah kaca yang di dalamnya tercantum banyak informasi dalam pemotretan. Jendela bidik memuat penemu jarak (range-finder), pilihan diafragma, shutter speed, dan pencahayaan (exposure).

Lensa

Dalam fotografi, lensa berfungsi untuk memokuskan cahaya hingga mampu membakar medium penangkap (film). Di bagian luar lensa biasanya terdapat tiga cincin, yaitu cincin panjang fokus (untuk lensa jenis variabel), cincin diafragma, dan cincin fokus.

Macam-macam lensa

  • Lensa Standar. Lensa ini disebut juga lensa normal. Berukuran 50 mm dan memberikan karakter bidikan natural.
  • Lensa Sudut-Lebar (Wide Angle Lens). Lensa jenis ini dapat digunakan untuk menangkap subjek yang luas dalam ruang sempit. Karakter lensa ini adalah membuat subjek lebih kecil daripada ukuran sebenarnya. Dengan menggunakan lensa jenis ini, di dalam ruangan kita dapat memotret lebih banyak orang yang berjejer jika dibandingkan dengan lensa standar. Semakin pendek jarak fokusnya, maka semakin lebar pandangannya. Ukuran lensa ini beragan mulai dari 17 mm, 24 mm, 28 mm, dan 35 mm.
  • Lensa Fish Eye. Lensa fish eye adalah lensa wide angle dengan diameter 14 mm, 15 mm, dan 16 mm. Lensa ini memberikan pandangan 180 derajat. Gambar yang dihasilkan melengkung.
  • Lensa Tele. Lensa tele merupakan kebalikan lensa wide angle. Fungsi lensa ini adalah untuk mendekatkan subjek, namun mempersempit sudut pandang. Yang termasuk lensa tele adalah lensa berukuran 70 mm ke atas. Karena sudut pandangannya sempit, lensa tele akan mengaburkan lapangan sekitarnya. Namun hal ini tidak menjadi masalah karena lensa tele memang digunakan untuk mendekatkan pandangan dan memfokuskan pada subjek tertentu.
  • Lensa Zoom. Merupakan gabungan antara lensa standar, lensa wide angle, dan lesa tele. Ukuran lensa tidak fixed, misalnya 80-200 mm. Lensa ini cukup fleksibel dan memiliki range lensa yang cukup lebar. Oleh karena itu lensa zoom banyak digunakan, sebab pemakai tinggal memutar ukuran lensa sesuai dengan yang dibutuhkan.
  • Lensa Makro. Lensa makro biasa digunakan untuk memotret benda yang kecil.

Fokus

Fokus adalah bagian yang mengatur jarak ketajaman lensa, sehingga gambar yang dihasilkan tidak berbayang..

Kecepatan rana

Kecepatan rana (shutter speed) artinya penutup (to shut = menutup). Pada waktu kita menekan tombol untuk memotret, terjadi pembukaan lensa sehingga cahaya masuk dan mengenai film. Pekerjaan shutter adalah membuka dan kemudian menutup lagi.
Kecepatan rana adalah kecepatan shutter membuka dan menutup kembali. Shutter speed dapat kita atur. Jika kita memilih 1/100, maka ia akan membuka selama 1/100 detik.
Skala shutter speed bervariasi. Ada yang B, 1, ½, ¼, 1/8, 1/15, 1/30, 1/60, 1/125, 1/250, 1/500, 1/1000, dst. Mulai dari ½ sampai 1/1000 biasanya hanya disebut angka-angka dibawah saja. Artinya 100 = 1/100 dan 2 artinya ½ detik. Namun jika angka 2 itu berwarna, maka artinya adalah 2 detik.
Sedangkan B artinya bulb, yaitu jika tombol ditekan maka shutter membuka, dan ketika tombol dilepaskan maka shutter menutup.
Yang perlu diingat adalah, semakin lama kecepatan shutter, jumlah cahaya yang masuk akan semakin banyak. Semakin besar angkanya, maka kecepatan shutter akan semakin tinggi(shutter akan semakin cepat membuka dan menutup).
  • Speed cepat
Speed cepat kita gunakan untuk memotret benda yang bergerak. Semakin cepat pergerakan benda tersebut, maka semakin besar angka speed shutter yang kita butuhkan.
  • Speed lambat
Jika benda yang bergerak cepat dipotret dengan speed shutter rendah, maka hasilnya ialah gambar akan tampak kabur, seakan-akan disapu, namun latar belakangnya jelas. Efek ini kadang-kadang bagus dan menimbulkan sense of motion dari benda yang dipotret.
Cara lain adalah dengan menggerakkan kamera ke arah gerak objek (panning) bertepatan dengan melepas tombol. Hasil gambarnya ialah latar belakang kabur, tetapi gambar subjek jelas. Seberapa jelas atau kaburnya subjek tergantung pada cepat atau lambatnya gerakan panning. Jika gerakannya bersama-sama dengan gerakan subjek, maka gambar yang dihasilkan jelas. Sebaliknya jika kamera lebih cepat atau lebih lambat dari gerakan subjek, maka hasilnya akan blur (kabur).

Diafragma

Diafragma atau aperture (atau sering disebut bukaan) berfungsi untuk mengatur jumlah volume cahaya yang masuk. Alat ini biasanya terdapat di belakang lensa. Terdiri dari 5-8 lempengan logam yang tersusun dan dapat membuka lebih lebar atau lebih sempit.
Penulisan angka diafragma biasanya adalah f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, dan f/16, dst. Semakin kecil angka diafragma, maka bukaan yang dihasilkan akan semakin lebar sehingga cahaya yang masuk semakin banyak.
  • Bukaan besar
Bukaan diafragma yang besar digunakan untuk menghasilkan foto dengan subjek yang tajam dengan latar belakang blur.
  • Bukaan kecil
Bukaan kecil akan menghasilkan gambar yang tajam mulai dari foreground hingga background. Bukaan kecil biasanya digunakan dalam pemotertan landscape yang memang membutuhkan detail dan ketajaman di selurh bagian foto.

Depth of Field

Depth of field adalah jumlah jarak antara subjek yang paling dekat dan yang paling jauh yang dapat muncul di fokus tajam sebuah foto. Misalnya, jika kita memotret pohon-pohon yang berdiri bersaf-saf, maka yang akan tampak pada foto yang telah dicetak adalah beberapa pohon di depan tampak jelas kemudian makin ke belakang makin kabur.
Depth of field sangat tergantung pada:
  • Diafragma. Semakin kecil bukaan diafragma, semakin besar depth of field yang dihasilkan. Bukaan penuh akan menghasilkan depth of field yang sangat dangkal.
  • Jarak fokus lensa (focal length). Semakin panjang focal length, semakin sempit depth of field. Maka dari itu, lensa wide angle memiliki depth of field yang sangat besar.
  • Jarak pemotretan. Semakin dekat jaraknya, semakin sempit depth of field yang dihasilkan.
Fungsi depth of field adalah untuk mengaburkan latar belakang jika latar tersebut tidak sesuai dengan subjeknya.

Pencahayaan

Pencahayaan atau exposure adalah kuantitas cahaya yang diperbolehkan masuk; intensitas (diatur oleh bukaan lensa) dan durasi (diatur oleh shutter speed) cahaya yang masuk dan mengenai film.
Film dengan ASA tinggi, memerlukan sedikit cahaya untuk menghasilkan gambar yang jelas. Sebaliknya, film dengan ASA rendah memerlukan banyak cahaya untuk menghasilkan gambar yang jelas.
Exposure diukur oleh alat yang disebut light-meter. Jika light-meter menunjukkan kekurangan cahaya, maka kita bisa memperkecil bukaan diafragma atau memperlambat shutter speed. Sebaliknya, jika light-meter menunjukkan kelebihan cahaya maka kita bisa memperbesar bukaan diafragma atau mempercepat shutter speed.
  • Overexposure
Merupakan keadaan dimana jumlah cahaya yang masuk terlalu banyak. Gambar yang dihasilkan akan terlalu terang.
  • Underexposure
Merupakan keadaan dimana jumlah cahaya yang masuk terlalu sedikit. Keadaan ini menghasilkan gambar yang gelap.

Perkembangan Kamera SLR

Kamera DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex)
Pada prinsipnya, kamera SLR dan DSLR memiliki cara kerja dan komponen yang sama. Yang membedakan adalah penggunaan film. Kamera SLR menggunakan film sebagai medium penangkap, sedangkan kamera DSLR tidak lagi menggunakan film. Sebagi gantinya, kamera DSLR menggunakan CCD atau CMOS.